4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides: past, present, and future

Abstract The herbicides that inhibit 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) are primarily used for weed control in corn, barley, oat, rice, sorghum, sugarcane, and wheat production fields the United States. objectives of this review were to summarize 1) history HPPD-inhibitor their use States; 2) resistant weeds, mechanism resistance, management; 3) interaction with other herbicides; 4) future HPPD-inhibitor-resistant crops. As 2022, three broadleaf weeds (Palmer amaranth, waterhemp, wild radish) have evolved resistance HPPD inhibitor. predominance metabolic inhibitor was found aforementioned species. Management can be accomplished using alternate such as glyphosate, glufosinate, 2,4-D, or dicamba; however, poses a serious challenge, because may cross-resistant herbicide sites action, leading limited options. An is commonly applied photosystem II (PS II) increase efficacy spectrum. synergism an arises from depletion plastoquinones, which allows increased binding PS D1 protein. New inhibitors azole carboxamides class development expected available near future. crops been developed through overexpression bacterial enzyme plants transgenes microbial gene enhances substrate. Isoxaflutole-resistant soybean commercially available, it mesotrione, stacked herbicides, will